auditory memory
Research Papers
The Relation Between Memory Improvement and QEEG Changes in Three Clinical Groups as a Result of EEG Biofeedback Treatment
It is important to understand the relation between changes in the quantitative EEG (QEEG) variables and memory changes as a result of the EEG biofeedback treatment. With this goal in mind, the senior author reviewed his clinical files from the last 5 years and examined the QEEG data addressing relative power and coherence changes and memory (auditory and reading) improvements. The groups involved included (a) normal individuals wanting to improve their cognitive functioning, (b) traumatic brain injured (TBI) subjects, and (c) + (d) subjects who can best be classified as having a specific learning disability (SLD). The SLD group was divided between those who are (c) older than 14 (adults) and those who are (d) younger than 14 (children) in order to reference the appropriate age-related normative group values. The analysis revealed significant improvements in auditory and reading memory across all groups as well as changes on the QEEG variables. All of the groups were performing above the normative reference group on measures of auditory and reading memory in terms of percentage differences (24-97%) and standard deviations (+1.28-1.85). The average auditory memory SD improvement was +1.52, whereas the average percentage change was 82%. For the reading task the average memory standard deviation improvement was 1.38, whereas the percentage improvement was 154%. The experimental group was performing 1.66 SD (68%) above the control group on auditory memory and.90 SD (52%) above the control group on reading memory measures. For the QEEG variables, the average raw value of the Spectral Correlation Coefficient (SCC) change for alpha was 6.1 points (2.09 SD), for SCC beta1 (13-32 Hz) 6.53 points (1.81 SD), and for beta2 (32-64 Hz) 7.5 points (1.77 SD). The changes on the relative power measures were less dramatic, albeit significant. These results underlie the importance of addressing the SCC values in EEG biofeedback treatment protocols.
View Full Paper →Efficacy of Traumatic Brain Injury Rehabilitation: Interventions of QEEG-guided Biofeedback, Computers, Strategies, and Medications
The onset of cognitive rehabilitation brought with it a hope for an effective treatment for the traumatic brain injured subject. This paper reviews the empirical reports of changes in cognitive functioning after treatment and compares the relative effectiveness of several treatments including computer interventions, cognitive strategies, EEG biofeedback, and medications. The cognitive functions that are reviewed include auditory memory, attention and problem solving. The significance of the change in cognitive function is assessed in two ways that include effect size and longevity of effect. These analyses complement the previously published meta-reviews by adding these two criteria and include reports of EEG biofeedback, which is shown to be an effective intervention for auditory memory.
View Full Paper →Electrophysiology of Auditory Memory of Paragraphs Towards a Projection/Activation Theory of the Mind
Introduction: An investigation into the QEEG parameters of effective auditory memory for paragraphs was conducted employing sixty normal right-handed subjects. Method: Four stories were read to the subjects. The subjects engaged in an immediate thirty-second quiet recall period, which was followed by the subjects recalling the stories outloud. A delayed recalled assessment (about forty-five minutes) followed the same methodology. Results: The recall performances were correlated with the QEEG variables. For the input period the absolute levels of the Alpha coherence and phase generators from the left temporal lobe (T3), as well as the coherence Alpha (C3, P3, F7) were the predominant determinants of success in addition to F7 coherence Betal (13-32 Hz) and phase Betal from F8. Immediate recall was determined by the absolute levels of the projections from T3 (coherence and phase Alpha), symmetry Beta2 (32-64 Hz) at T3 and peak frequency of Betal at T5. Long-term recall was determined by the T3 generators (phase and coherence Alpha), F7 projections (phase Theta, coherence and phase Alpha, phase Betal, coherence Beta2), Fpl and F3 projections (coherence Beta2), and Fpl phase Betal. Degree of activation (from eyes closed) revealed additional variables relevant to success. Discussion: These research results are integrated into previous neuroscience research and implications for theories of brain function and neurotherapy applications are discussed.
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