EEG power
Research Papers
A systematic review of fMRI neurofeedback reporting and effects in clinical populations
Real-time fMRI-based neurofeedback is a relatively young field with a potential to impact the currently available treatments of various disorders. In order to evaluate the evidence of clinical benefits and investigate how consistently studies report their methods and results, an exhaustive search of fMRI neurofeedback studies in clinical populations was performed. Reporting was evaluated using a limited number of Consensus on the reporting and experimental design of clinical and cognitive-behavioral neurofeedback studies (CRED-NF checklist) items, which was, together with a statistical power and sensitivity calculation, used to also evaluate the existing evidence of the neurofeedback benefits on clinical measures. The 62 found studies investigated regulation abilities and/or clinical benefits in a wide range of disorders, but with small sample sizes and were therefore unable to detect small effects. Most points from the CRED-NF checklist were adequately reported by the majority of the studies, but some improvements are suggested for the reporting of group comparisons and relations between regulation success and clinical benefits. To establish fMRI neurofeedback as a clinical tool, more emphasis should be placed in the future on using larger sample sizes determined through a priori power calculations and standardization of procedures and reporting.
View Full Paper →Resting-state EEG power and connectivity are associated with alpha peak frequency slowing in healthy aging
The individual alpha peak frequency (IAPF) of the human electroencephalography (EEG) typically experiences slowing with increasing age. Despite this hallmark change, studies that investigate modulations of conventional EEG alpha power and connectivity by aging and age-related neuropathology neglect to account for intergroup differences in IAPF. To investigate the relationship of age-related IAPF slowing with EEG power and connectivity, we recorded eyes-closed resting-state EEG in 37 young adults and 32 older adults. We replicated the finding of a slowed IAPF in older adults. IAPF values were significantly correlated with the frequency of maximum global connectivity and the means of their distributions did not differ, suggesting that connectivity was highest at the IAPF. Older adults expressed reduced global EEG power and connectivity at the conventional upper alpha band (10-12 Hz) compared with young adults. By contrast, groups had equivalent power and connectivity at the IAPF. The results suggest that conventional spectral boundaries may be biased against older adults or any group with a slowed IAPF. We conclude that investigations of alpha activity in aging and age-related neuropathology should be adapted to the IAPF of the individual and that previous findings should be interpreted with caution. EEG in the dominant alpha range may be unsuitable for examining cortico-cortical connectivity due to its subcortical origins.
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